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Czech Philharmonic/Semyon Bychkov: Glagolitic Mass

Semyon Bychkov

There's no finer orchestra for these musical pinnacles of the Czech tradition than this one, writes Gordon Kalton Williams.

Dvořák, who conducted the Czech Philharmonic in its first concert on 4 January 1896, conducted his Eighth Symphony in England in April 1890, having premiered it in Prague in February that year. He had sketched the work in summer 1889 at his country retreat, Vysoká, south of Prague. 

The work breathes rural life. Whereas Dvořák’s Seventh Symphony had won the praise of Brahms, the principal exponent of the symphonic tradition after Beethoven, Brahms complained of the Eighth: ‘There is too much that’s fragmentary, incidental, loiters about in the piece…’ This is a different kind of symphony though, characterised by formal freedom and melodic richness as Dvořák sought to shape a symphony in a new manner.

The rich cello melody that introduces the symphony actually serves as a pointer to the first movement’s sections. It marks the beginning of the development and, later, rings out on brass as if to bring the movement’s activity back under formal control. There are many beautiful ideas, among them a skipping melody on the flute, that speaks to the instrument’s importance in this symphony. Even when the flute provides an incidental flourish to a melody elsewhere, one can imagine the birdsong that must have accompanied Dvořák’s writing regimen at Vysoká.

The second movement begins contemplatively, but various ideas – a birdcall-like figure initiated by flutes and a downward tripping figure in violins at first accompanying an elongated melody – will be employed to range from contemplative moods to proud outbursts. The Allegretto grazioso is more like a Brahmsian intermezzo than the customary third-movement scherzo. Its Trio provides a folkdance-like lilt while the Molto vivace coda after the return of the initial material beautifully prepares the Finale. 

This begins with a trumpet fanfare. ‘In Bohemia,’ said the great Czech conductor, Rafael Kubelik, ‘the trumpets never call to battle – they always call to the dance!’ The movement is essentially a theme and variations. But what is perhaps most noticeable is wonderful folkloric energy.

Dvořák’s dispute with his publisher Simrock over a fair fee for this symphony led him to award publication to the British publishers, Novello. The work became known, at least for a time, as ‘the English’. Ironically, it’s a work that justifies Dvořák’s own epithet for himself as a ‘simple Czech musician’.

With Dvořák as a centrepiece, these concerts outline an arc of Czech orchestral repertoire from the music of Smetana, who grew up speaking German, to that of Leoš Janáček who drew on the Czech language to create his unique melodic style. A scholarship holder at Brno monastery in 1869, Janáček had taken part in millenary celebrations for St. Cyril, who, along with St. Methodius, had introduced Christianity into Moravia. When later challenged by an archbishop to write church music, Janáček sought out St. Cyril’s Old Slavonic translation of the Mass. This was in 1921, but it was five years before he wrote his Mass. In the meantime, he composed the operas Kátya Kabanová, Cunning Little Vixen, and The Makropoulos Case, and the Sinfonietta regarded by some as the Mass’s companion piece - works of Janáček’s ‘Indian Summer’.

Why did 72 year-old Janáček compose this work? The reason was as much patriotic – the title ‘Glagolitic’ celebrates the work of those two 9th-century saints, whose alphabet for Old Church Slavonic is called ‘glagolitic’ after the word for ‘word’. As Janáček scholar Paul Wingfield points out, Old Church Slavonic in its earliest form was close to Proto-Slavic and suited Janáček’s Pan-Slavic sympathies better even than Russian which he had once extolled.

This Mass suits the concert hall more than church service. ‘I wanted to perpetuate faith in the immutable permanence of the nation,’ said Janáček. ‘Not on a religious basis but on a rock-bottom ethical basis, which calls God to witness’. The mass is operatic in style and he even characterised the soloists: ‘In the tenor solo I heard a high priest, in the soprano solo a girlish angel, in the chorus our folk’. 

Parts of the work match the Ordinary of the Latin mass (Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei) but the work is [usually] book-ended by a fanfare-like ‘Intrada’; there is a formal introduction and, after the Agneče Božij (Agnus Dei), a truly harrowing organ solo in the same key – A flat minor – as the crucifixion described in the Vĕruju (Credo). According to Wingfield, the Mass ‘embodies an essentially human drama of suffering and death’; to a critic who assumed that Janáček was now a believer, the composer replied ‘[not] until I see for myself’. 

Janáček claimed to have written this work in three weeks during a rained-out holiday at Luhačovice, but a long period of revisions resulted in different performing editions (tonight’s is the so-called ‘letzte Hand’ version from 1928). It’s probably more appropriate to consider where this work was sketched – ‘The church was the giant forest canopy, the vast-arched heavens, and the misty reaches beyond…’

© Gordon Kalton Williams

Programme and performers

Antonín Dvořák Symphony No 8
1. Allegro con brio 
2. Adagio 
3. Allegretto grazioso – Molto vivace 
4. Allegro ma non troppo 
Leoš Janáček Glagolitic Mass
1. Úvod – Introduction 
2. Gospodi pomiluj – Kyrie
3. Slava – Gloria
4. Věruju – Credo
5. Svet – Sanctus
6. Agneče Božij – Agnus Dei
7. Varhany sólo (Postludium) – Organ solo
8. Intrada – Exodus

Performers

Czech Philharmonic
Semyon Bychkov
conductor
Daniela Valtová Kosinová organ
Evelina Dobračeva soprano
Lucie Hislcherová alto
Aleš Briscein tenor
Boris Prýgl bass
CBSO Chorus

Translations

1. Uvod (Introduction) 
Orchestra

2. Gospodi Pomiluj (Kyrie Eleison) 
Soprano, Chorus
Gospodi pomiluj.
Chrste pomiluj.
Gospodi pomiluj.

3. Slava (Gloria)
Soprano, Tenor, Chorus

Slava vo vysnich Bogu
i na zeml’i mir clovekom
blagovol’enija.

Chvalim Te. Blagoslovl’ajem Te.
Klanajem Tise. Slavoslovim Te.
Chvali vozdajem Tebe
velikyje radi slavy tvojeje.

Boze, Otce vsemogyi,
Gospodi Synu jedinorodnyj,
Isuse Chrste!
Gospodi Boze, Agnece Bozij,
Synu Otec!
Vzeml’ej grechy mira,
pomiluj nas,
primi mol’enija nasa.

Pomiluj nas,
sedej o desnuju Otca.
Jako Ty jedin svet,
Ty jedin Gospod,
Ty jedin vysnij,
Isuse Chrste,
so svetym Duchom
vo slave Boga Otca.
Amin, amin.

4. Veruju (Credo)
Tenor, Bass, Chorus

Veruju, veruju v jedinogo Boga,
Otca vsemogustago,
tvorca nebu i zeml’i,
vidimym vsem i nevidimym.
(Amin, amin.)

(Veruju, veruju!)
I v jedinogo Gospoda Isusa Chrsta,
Syna Bozija jedinorodnago,
i ot Otca rozdenago
prezde vsech vek,
Boga ot Boga, svet ot sveta,
Boga istinna ot Boga istinnago,
rozdena, ne stvor’ena,
jedinosustna Otcu,
jimze vsja byse
ize nas radi clovek
i radi nasego spasenja
snide s nebes.
I voplti se ot Ducha sveta
iz Marije devy.
(Veruju, veruju!)

Raspet ze zany,
mucen i pogreben byst.

I voskrse v tretij den
po Pisaniju.
I vzide na nebo,
sedit o desnuja Otca,
i paky imat priti
sudit zyvym i mrtvym
so slavoju;
jegoze cesarstviju nebudet konca.

(Veruju, veruju!)
I v Ducha svetago
Gospoda i zivototvorestago,
ot Otca i Syna ischodestago,
s Otcem ze i Synom kupno,
poklanajema i soslavima,
ize glagolal jest Proroky.

I jedinu svetuju, katolicesku
i apostolsku crkov.
I spovedaju jedino krscenje
votpuscenje grechov,
i caju voskrsenija mrtvych
i zivota budustago veka.
Amin, amin!

5. Svet (Sanctus)
Soprano, Mezzo, Tenor, Bass, Chorus
Svet, svet, svet!
Svet Gospod, Bog Sabaoth.
Plna sut nebo,
zemlja slavy tvojeje!

Blagoslovl’en gredyj
vo ime Gospodne.
Osanna vo vysnich!

6. Agnece Bozij (Agnus Dei)
Soprano, Mezzo, Tenor, Bass, Chorus

Agnece Bozij,
pomiluj nas!

Agnece Bozij,
vzeml’ej grechy mira,

Agnece Bozij,
pomiluj nas!

7. Varhany solo
Organ solo

8. Intrada 
Orchestra

1. Uvod (Introduction) 
Orchestra

2. Gospodi Pomiluj (Kyrie Eleison) 
Soprano, Chorus

Lord, have mercy.
Christ, have mercy.
Lord, have mercy.


3. Slava (Gloria)
Soprano, Tenor, Chorus

Glory to God in the highest.
And on earth peace,
good will.

We praise you, we bless you.
we worship you, we glorify you.
We praise you
because of your glory.

God the Father almighty,
Lord, the only begotten Son,
Jesus Christ!
Lord God, Lamb of God,
Son of the Father.
You take away the world’s sins,
have mercy on us;
receive our prayers.

Have mercy on us,
you who sit at the Father’s right hand.
For only you are holy,
only you are Lord,
only you are most high,
Jesus Christ,
with the Holy Spirit,
in the glory of the Father.
Amem, amen.


4. Veruju (Credo)
Tenor, Bass, Chorus

I believe, I believe in one God,
the Father almighty,
maker of heaven and earth,
all that is visible and invisible.
(Amen, amen.)

(I believe, I believe!)
And in one Lord, Jesus Christ,
Son of God, only-begotten,
and born of the Father
before all generations,
God from God, light from light,
true God from true God,
begotten, not made,
one in substance with the Father,
by whom everything was made,
who for us men
and for our salvation
descended from heaven.
And was made flesh by the holy Spirit
of the virgin Mary.
(I believe, I believe!)

He was crucified for us,
suffered and was buried.

And he rose on the third day
according to the Scriptures,
and ascended into heaven,
sitting to the right of the Father,
and he will come again
to judge the living and the dead
in glory;
his kingdom shall not end.

(I believe, I believe!)
And in the Holy Spirit,
the Lord and life-giver,
from the Father and Son proceeding,
who with the Father and the Son
is equally adored and glorified,
who spoke through the Prophets.

And [I believe in] one holy, catholic
and apostolic church.
I acknowledge one baptism
for the remission of sins,
and await the resurrection of the dead
and the life of the coming time.
Amen, Amen!


5. Svet (Sanctus)
Soprano, Mezzo, Tenor, Bass, Chorus

Holy, holy, holy!
Holy Lord, God of Hosts.
Filled are the heavens
and the earth with your glory!

Blessed is he who comes
in the name of the Lord.
Hosanna in the highest!


6. Agnece Bozij (Agnus Dei)
Soprano, Mezzo, Tenor, Bass, Chorus

Lamb of God,
have mercy on us.

Lamb of God,
who takes away the world’s sins,

Lamb of God,
have mercy on us.

 

Translation © Nick Jones

Artist biographies

The 126 year-old Czech Philharmonic gave its first concert – an all Dvořák programme conducted by the composer himself – in the famed Rudolfinum Hall on 4 January 1896. Acknowledged for its definitive interpretations of Czech composers, the Orchestra is recognised for its special relationship to the music of Brahms, Tchaikovsky and Mahler, who conducted the world première of his Symphony No 7 with the Orchestra in 1908.   

Throughout the Czech Philharmonic’s history, two features have remained at its core: its championing of Czech composers and its belief in music’s power to change lives. As early as the 1920s, Václav Talich (Chief Conductor 1919–1941) pioneered concerts for workers, young people and voluntary organisations.     
The philosophy continues today and is equally vibrant. A comprehensive education strategy engages with more than 400 schools bringing all ages to the Rudolfinum. An inspirational music and song programme led by singer Ida Kelarová for the extensive Romany communities within the Czech Republic and Slovakia has helped many socially excluded families to find a voice. In addition to an international education exchange with the Royal Academy of Music in London, over lockdown the Orchestra gave seven benefit concerts which were live streamed internationally in 4K by Czech Philharmonic’s producing house Czech Phil Media, raising funds for hospitals, charities, and healthcare professionals.   

An early champion of the music of Martinů and Janáček, the works of Czech composers – both established and new – remain the lifeblood of the Orchestra. Initiated by Semyon Bychkov, nine Czech composers have been commissioned to write works for the Orchestra alongside five international composers – Detlev Glanert, Julian Anderson, Thomas Larcher, Bryce Dessner and Thierry Escaich. The Orchestra additionally holds an annual young composers’ competition launched in 2014 by Jiří Bělohlávek (Chief Conductor 2012–2017).